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		<title>Oracle PL/SQL Tutorial/Trigger/NEW OLD - История изменений</title>
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		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.sqle.ru/index.php?title=Oracle_PL/SQL_Tutorial/Trigger/NEW_OLD&amp;action=history"/>
		<updated>2026-05-24T02:21:41Z</updated>
		<subtitle>История изменений этой страницы в вики</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>http://www.sqle.ru/index.php?title=Oracle_PL/SQL_Tutorial/Trigger/NEW_OLD&amp;diff=3548&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title> в 13:45, 26 мая 2010</title>
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				<updated>2010-05-26T13:45:46Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;tr style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; lang=&quot;ru&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Предыдущая&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Версия 13:45, 26 мая 2010&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; lang=&quot;ru&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-diff-empty&quot;&gt;(нет различий)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
			</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>http://www.sqle.ru/index.php?title=Oracle_PL/SQL_Tutorial/Trigger/NEW_OLD&amp;diff=3549&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Admin: 1 версия</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.sqle.ru/index.php?title=Oracle_PL/SQL_Tutorial/Trigger/NEW_OLD&amp;diff=3549&amp;oldid=prev"/>
				<updated>2010-05-26T10:06:39Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;1 версия&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Новая страница&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;== :old and :new Pseudo-records, Example 1==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;lt;!-- start source code --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
    &amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;sql&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- create demo table&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; create table Employee(&lt;br /&gt;
  2    ID                 VARCHAR2(4 BYTE)         NOT NULL,&lt;br /&gt;
  3    First_Name         VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),&lt;br /&gt;
  4    Last_Name          VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),&lt;br /&gt;
  5    Start_Date         DATE,&lt;br /&gt;
  6    End_Date           DATE,&lt;br /&gt;
  7    Salary             Number(8,2),&lt;br /&gt;
  8    City               VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),&lt;br /&gt;
  9    Description        VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)&lt;br /&gt;
 10  )&lt;br /&gt;
 11  /&lt;br /&gt;
Table created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- prepare data&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2               values (&amp;quot;01&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Jason&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Martin&amp;quot;,  to_date(&amp;quot;19960725&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;20060725&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 1234.56, &amp;quot;Toronto&amp;quot;,  &amp;quot;Programmer&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;02&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Alison&amp;quot;,   &amp;quot;Mathews&amp;quot;, to_date(&amp;quot;19760321&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19860221&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 6661.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;03&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;James&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Smith&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19781212&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19900315&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 6544.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;04&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Celia&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Rice&amp;quot;,    to_date(&amp;quot;19821024&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19990421&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 2344.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Manager&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;05&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Robert&amp;quot;,   &amp;quot;Black&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19840115&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19980808&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 2334.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;06&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Linda&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Green&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19870730&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19960104&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 4322.78,&amp;quot;New York&amp;quot;,  &amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;07&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;David&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Larry&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19901231&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19980212&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 7897.78,&amp;quot;New York&amp;quot;,  &amp;quot;Manager&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;08&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;James&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Cat&amp;quot;,     to_date(&amp;quot;19960917&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;20020415&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 1232.78,&amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- display data in the table&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; select * from Employee&lt;br /&gt;
  2  /&lt;br /&gt;
ID   FIRST_NAME           LAST_NAME            START_DAT END_DATE      SALARY CITY       DESCRIPTION&lt;br /&gt;
---- -------------------- -------------------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------&lt;br /&gt;
01   Jason                Martin               25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06    1234.56 Toronto    Programmer&lt;br /&gt;
02   Alison               Mathews              21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86    6661.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
03   James                Smith                12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90    6544.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
04   Celia                Rice                 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99    2344.78 Vancouver  Manager&lt;br /&gt;
05   Robert               Black                15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98    2334.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
06   Linda                Green                30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96    4322.78 New York   Tester&lt;br /&gt;
07   David                Larry                31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98    7897.78 New York   Manager&lt;br /&gt;
08   James                Cat                  17-SEP-96 15-APR-02    1232.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
8 rows selected.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER TempDelete&lt;br /&gt;
  2  BEFORE DELETE ON employee&lt;br /&gt;
  3  FOR EACH ROW&lt;br /&gt;
  4  DECLARE&lt;br /&gt;
  5    v_TempRec employee%ROWTYPE;&lt;br /&gt;
  6  BEGIN&lt;br /&gt;
  7    /* This is not a legal assignment, since :old is not truly&lt;br /&gt;
  8       a record. */&lt;br /&gt;
  9    --v_TempRec := :old;&lt;br /&gt;
 10&lt;br /&gt;
 11    /* We can accomplish the same thing, however, by assigning&lt;br /&gt;
 12      the fields individually. */&lt;br /&gt;
 13    v_TempRec.first_name := :old.first_name;&lt;br /&gt;
 14    v_TempRec.last_name := :old.last_name;&lt;br /&gt;
 15&lt;br /&gt;
 16    DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(v_TempRec.first_name);&lt;br /&gt;
 17    DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(v_TempRec.last_name);&lt;br /&gt;
 18  END TempDelete;&lt;br /&gt;
 19  /&lt;br /&gt;
Trigger created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; delete from employee;&lt;br /&gt;
Jason&lt;br /&gt;
Martin&lt;br /&gt;
Alison&lt;br /&gt;
Mathews&lt;br /&gt;
James&lt;br /&gt;
Smith&lt;br /&gt;
Celia&lt;br /&gt;
Rice&lt;br /&gt;
Robert&lt;br /&gt;
Black&lt;br /&gt;
Linda&lt;br /&gt;
Green&lt;br /&gt;
David&lt;br /&gt;
Larry&lt;br /&gt;
James&lt;br /&gt;
Cat&lt;br /&gt;
8 rows deleted.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- clean the table&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; drop table Employee&lt;br /&gt;
  2  /&lt;br /&gt;
Table dropped.&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== :old and :new Pseudo-records, Example 2==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;lt;!-- start source code --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
    &amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;sql&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; create sequence seq;&lt;br /&gt;
Sequence created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- create demo table&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; create table Employee(&lt;br /&gt;
  2    ID                 VARCHAR2(4 BYTE)         NOT NULL,&lt;br /&gt;
  3    First_Name         VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),&lt;br /&gt;
  4    Last_Name          VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),&lt;br /&gt;
  5    Start_Date         DATE,&lt;br /&gt;
  6    End_Date           DATE,&lt;br /&gt;
  7    Salary             Number(8,2),&lt;br /&gt;
  8    City               VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),&lt;br /&gt;
  9    Description        VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)&lt;br /&gt;
 10  )&lt;br /&gt;
 11  /&lt;br /&gt;
Table created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- prepare data&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2               values (&amp;quot;01&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Jason&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Martin&amp;quot;,  to_date(&amp;quot;19960725&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;20060725&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 1234.56, &amp;quot;Toronto&amp;quot;,  &amp;quot;Programmer&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;02&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Alison&amp;quot;,   &amp;quot;Mathews&amp;quot;, to_date(&amp;quot;19760321&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19860221&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 6661.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;03&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;James&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Smith&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19781212&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19900315&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 6544.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- display data in the table&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; select * from Employee&lt;br /&gt;
  2  /&lt;br /&gt;
ID   FIRST_NAME           LAST_NAME            START_DAT END_DATE      SALARY CITY       DESCRIPTION&lt;br /&gt;
---- -------------------- -------------------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------&lt;br /&gt;
01   Jason                Martin               25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06    1234.56 Toronto    Programmer&lt;br /&gt;
02   Alison               Mathews              21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86    6661.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
03   James                Smith                12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90    6544.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
3 rows selected.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER GenerateEmployeeID&lt;br /&gt;
  2    BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON employee&lt;br /&gt;
  3    FOR EACH ROW&lt;br /&gt;
  4  BEGIN&lt;br /&gt;
  5    /* Fill in the ID field of employees with the next value from&lt;br /&gt;
  6       the sequence.*/&lt;br /&gt;
  7    SELECT seq.nextval&lt;br /&gt;
  8      INTO :new.ID&lt;br /&gt;
  9      FROM dual;&lt;br /&gt;
 10  END GenerateEmployeeID;&lt;br /&gt;
 11  /&lt;br /&gt;
Trigger created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;04&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Celia&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Rice&amp;quot;,    to_date(&amp;quot;19821024&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19990421&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 2344.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Manager&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;05&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Robert&amp;quot;,   &amp;quot;Black&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19840115&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19980808&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 2334.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;06&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Linda&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Green&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19870730&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19960104&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 4322.78,&amp;quot;New York&amp;quot;,  &amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;07&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;David&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Larry&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19901231&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19980212&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 7897.78,&amp;quot;New York&amp;quot;,  &amp;quot;Manager&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;08&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;James&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Cat&amp;quot;,     to_date(&amp;quot;19960917&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;20020415&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 1232.78,&amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; select * from employee;&lt;br /&gt;
ID   FIRST_NAME           LAST_NAME            START_DAT END_DATE      SALARY CITY       DESCRIPTION&lt;br /&gt;
---- -------------------- -------------------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------&lt;br /&gt;
01   Jason                Martin               25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06    1234.56 Toronto    Programmer&lt;br /&gt;
02   Alison               Mathews              21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86    6661.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
03   James                Smith                12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90    6544.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
1    Celia                Rice                 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99    2344.78 Vancouver  Manager&lt;br /&gt;
2    Robert               Black                15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98    2334.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
3    Linda                Green                30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96    4322.78 New York   Tester&lt;br /&gt;
4    David                Larry                31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98    7897.78 New York   Manager&lt;br /&gt;
5    James                Cat                  17-SEP-96 15-APR-02    1232.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
8 rows selected.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; drop sequence seq;&lt;br /&gt;
Sequence dropped.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- clean the table&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; drop table Employee&lt;br /&gt;
  2  /&lt;br /&gt;
Table dropped.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Old and new value==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;lt;!-- start source code --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
    &amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;sql&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; CREATE TABLE game_player&lt;br /&gt;
  2  (player_id    NUMBER,&lt;br /&gt;
  3   game_id      NUMBER,&lt;br /&gt;
  4   group_number NUMBER,&lt;br /&gt;
  5   marked       VARCHAR2(1) DEFAULT &amp;quot;N&amp;quot;,&lt;br /&gt;
  6   pcmac        VARCHAR2(1) DEFAULT &amp;quot;N&amp;quot;,&lt;br /&gt;
  7   score        NUMBER,&lt;br /&gt;
  8   CONSTRAINT game_player_pk&lt;br /&gt;
  9   PRIMARY KEY (player_id, game_id, group_number));&lt;br /&gt;
Table created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER before_insert_row&lt;br /&gt;
  2     BEFORE INSERT&lt;br /&gt;
  3     ON game_player&lt;br /&gt;
  4     FOR EACH ROW&lt;br /&gt;
  5  BEGIN&lt;br /&gt;
  6     DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line (&amp;quot;Before Insert Row&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
  7     DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line (&amp;quot;Old ID &amp;quot; || :OLD.player_id);&lt;br /&gt;
  8     DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line (&amp;quot;New ID &amp;quot; || :NEW.player_id);&lt;br /&gt;
  9     DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line (&amp;quot;Old ROWID &amp;quot; || ROWIDTOCHAR (:OLD.ROWID));&lt;br /&gt;
 10     DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line (&amp;quot;New ROWID &amp;quot; || ROWIDTOCHAR (:NEW.ROWID));&lt;br /&gt;
 11  END;&lt;br /&gt;
 12  /&lt;br /&gt;
Trigger created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; BEGIN&lt;br /&gt;
  2     INSERT INTO game_player(player_id, game_id, group_number, marked, pcmac, score)&lt;br /&gt;
  3          VALUES (1, 1, 1, &amp;quot;Y&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;N&amp;quot;, NULL);&lt;br /&gt;
  4&lt;br /&gt;
  5     UPDATE game_player&lt;br /&gt;
  6        SET player_id = player_id;&lt;br /&gt;
  7&lt;br /&gt;
  8     DELETE      game_player;&lt;br /&gt;
  9  END;&lt;br /&gt;
 10&lt;br /&gt;
 11  /&lt;br /&gt;
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; drop table game_player;&lt;br /&gt;
Table dropped.&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Output new and old value in a before update trigger==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;lt;!-- start source code --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
    &amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;sql&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; create table t ( x int, y int );&lt;br /&gt;
Table created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into t values ( 1, 1 );&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; create or replace trigger t_bufer&lt;br /&gt;
  2  before update on t for each row&lt;br /&gt;
  3  begin&lt;br /&gt;
  4          dbms_output.put_line( &amp;quot;old.x = &amp;quot; || :old.x ||&amp;quot;, old.y = &amp;quot; || :old.y );&lt;br /&gt;
  5          dbms_output.put_line( &amp;quot;new.x = &amp;quot; || :new.x ||&amp;quot;, new.y = &amp;quot; || :new.y );&lt;br /&gt;
  6  end;&lt;br /&gt;
  7  /&lt;br /&gt;
Trigger created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; set serveroutput on&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; update t set x = x+1;&lt;br /&gt;
old.x = 1, old.y = 1&lt;br /&gt;
new.x = 2, new.y = 1&lt;br /&gt;
1 row updated.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; drop table t;&lt;br /&gt;
Table dropped.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Raise application error in a trigger in case of invalid new value==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;lt;!-- start source code --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
    &amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;sql&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; create table t ( x int );&lt;br /&gt;
Table created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; create trigger t_trigger before insert on t for each row&lt;br /&gt;
  2  begin&lt;br /&gt;
  3      for x in ( select *&lt;br /&gt;
  4                   from dual&lt;br /&gt;
  5                  where :new.x &amp;gt; 10)&lt;br /&gt;
  6      loop&lt;br /&gt;
  7          raise_application_error( -20001, &amp;quot;check failed&amp;quot; );&lt;br /&gt;
  8      end loop;&lt;br /&gt;
  9  end;&lt;br /&gt;
 10  /&lt;br /&gt;
Trigger created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; show errors&lt;br /&gt;
No errors.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into t select 1 from all_users;&lt;br /&gt;
15 rows created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; set autotrace traceonly statistics&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into t select 1 from all_users;&lt;br /&gt;
15 rows created.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Statistics&lt;br /&gt;
----------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;
         16  recursive calls&lt;br /&gt;
         15  db block gets&lt;br /&gt;
         73  consistent gets&lt;br /&gt;
          0  physical reads&lt;br /&gt;
          0  redo size&lt;br /&gt;
        924  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client&lt;br /&gt;
        947  bytes received via SQL*Net from client&lt;br /&gt;
          6  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client&lt;br /&gt;
          1  sorts (memory)&lt;br /&gt;
          0  sorts (disk)&lt;br /&gt;
         15  rows processed&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; set autotrace off&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; drop table t;&lt;br /&gt;
Table dropped.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Reference new value with :NEW in a before insert or update trigger==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;lt;!-- start source code --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
    &amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;sql&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- create demo table&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; create table Employee(&lt;br /&gt;
  2    ID                 VARCHAR2(4 BYTE)         NOT NULL,&lt;br /&gt;
  3    First_Name         VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),&lt;br /&gt;
  4    Last_Name          VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),&lt;br /&gt;
  5    Start_Date         DATE,&lt;br /&gt;
  6    End_Date           DATE,&lt;br /&gt;
  7    Salary             Number(8,2),&lt;br /&gt;
  8    City               VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),&lt;br /&gt;
  9    Description        VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)&lt;br /&gt;
 10  )&lt;br /&gt;
 11  /&lt;br /&gt;
Table created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER employee_insert_update&lt;br /&gt;
  2    BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON employee&lt;br /&gt;
  3    FOR EACH ROW&lt;br /&gt;
  4  DECLARE&lt;br /&gt;
  5    dup_flag  INTEGER;&lt;br /&gt;
  6  BEGIN&lt;br /&gt;
  7       --Force all employee names to uppercase.&lt;br /&gt;
  8  :NEW.first_name := UPPER(:NEW.first_name);&lt;br /&gt;
  9  END;&lt;br /&gt;
 10  /&lt;br /&gt;
Trigger created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- prepare data&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2               values (&amp;quot;01&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Jason&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Martin&amp;quot;,  to_date(&amp;quot;19960725&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;20060725&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 1234.56, &amp;quot;Toronto&amp;quot;,  &amp;quot;Programmer&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;02&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Alison&amp;quot;,   &amp;quot;Mathews&amp;quot;, to_date(&amp;quot;19760321&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19860221&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 6661.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;03&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;James&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Smith&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19781212&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19900315&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 6544.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;04&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Celia&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Rice&amp;quot;,    to_date(&amp;quot;19821024&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19990421&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 2344.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Manager&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;05&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Robert&amp;quot;,   &amp;quot;Black&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19840115&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19980808&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 2334.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;06&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Linda&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Green&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19870730&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19960104&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 4322.78,&amp;quot;New York&amp;quot;,  &amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;07&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;David&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Larry&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19901231&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19980212&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 7897.78,&amp;quot;New York&amp;quot;,  &amp;quot;Manager&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;08&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;James&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Cat&amp;quot;,     to_date(&amp;quot;19960917&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;20020415&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 1232.78,&amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- display data in the table&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; select * from Employee&lt;br /&gt;
  2  /&lt;br /&gt;
ID   FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME  START_DAT END_DATE      SALARY CITY       DESCRIPTION&lt;br /&gt;
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------&lt;br /&gt;
01   JASON      Martin     25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06    1234.56 Toronto    Programmer&lt;br /&gt;
02   ALISON     Mathews    21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86    6661.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
03   JAMES      Smith      12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90    6544.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
04   CELIA      Rice       24-OCT-82 21-APR-99    2344.78 Vancouver  Manager&lt;br /&gt;
05   ROBERT     Black      15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98    2334.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
06   LINDA      Green      30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96    4322.78 New York   Tester&lt;br /&gt;
07   DAVID      Larry      31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98    7897.78 New York   Manager&lt;br /&gt;
08   JAMES      Cat        17-SEP-96 15-APR-02    1232.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
8 rows selected.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- clean the table&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; drop table Employee&lt;br /&gt;
  2  /&lt;br /&gt;
Table dropped.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== REFERENCING OLD AS old NEW AS new==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;lt;!-- start source code --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
    &amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;sql&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; CREATE TABLE game_player&lt;br /&gt;
  2  (player_id    NUMBER,&lt;br /&gt;
  3   game_id      NUMBER,&lt;br /&gt;
  4   group_number NUMBER,&lt;br /&gt;
  5   marked       VARCHAR2(1) DEFAULT &amp;quot;N&amp;quot;,&lt;br /&gt;
  6   pcmac        VARCHAR2(1) DEFAULT &amp;quot;N&amp;quot;,&lt;br /&gt;
  7   score        NUMBER,&lt;br /&gt;
  8   CONSTRAINT game_player_pk&lt;br /&gt;
  9   PRIMARY KEY (player_id, game_id, group_number));&lt;br /&gt;
Table created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- explicit default old and new&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER old_new_update&lt;br /&gt;
  2  BEFORE update ON game_player&lt;br /&gt;
  3  REFERENCING OLD AS old NEW AS new&lt;br /&gt;
  4  FOR EACH ROW&lt;br /&gt;
  5  BEGIN&lt;br /&gt;
  6    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(&amp;quot;Old marked = &amp;quot; || :old.marked);&lt;br /&gt;
  7    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(&amp;quot;New marked = &amp;quot; || :new.marked);&lt;br /&gt;
  8  END;&lt;br /&gt;
  9  /&lt;br /&gt;
Trigger created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; drop table game_player;&lt;br /&gt;
Table dropped.&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== REFERENCING OLD AS old_values NEW AS new_values==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;lt;!-- start source code --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
    &amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;sql&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; CREATE TABLE game_player&lt;br /&gt;
  2  (player_id    NUMBER,&lt;br /&gt;
  3   game_id      NUMBER,&lt;br /&gt;
  4   group_number NUMBER,&lt;br /&gt;
  5   marked       VARCHAR2(1) DEFAULT &amp;quot;N&amp;quot;,&lt;br /&gt;
  6   pcmac        VARCHAR2(1) DEFAULT &amp;quot;N&amp;quot;,&lt;br /&gt;
  7   score        NUMBER,&lt;br /&gt;
  8   CONSTRAINT game_player_pk&lt;br /&gt;
  9   PRIMARY KEY (player_id, game_id, group_number));&lt;br /&gt;
Table created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- changing the defaults&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER old_new_delete&lt;br /&gt;
  2  BEFORE delete ON game_player&lt;br /&gt;
  3  REFERENCING OLD AS old_values NEW AS new_values&lt;br /&gt;
  4  FOR EACH ROW&lt;br /&gt;
  5  BEGIN&lt;br /&gt;
  6    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(&amp;quot;Old marked = &amp;quot; || :old_values.marked);&lt;br /&gt;
  7    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(&amp;quot;New marked = &amp;quot; || :new_values.marked);&lt;br /&gt;
  8  END;&lt;br /&gt;
  9  /&lt;br /&gt;
Trigger created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; drop table game_player;&lt;br /&gt;
Table dropped.&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Refernece an old value in :OLD after update trigger==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;lt;!-- start source code --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
   &lt;br /&gt;
    &amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;sql&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- create demo table&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; create table Employee(&lt;br /&gt;
  2    ID                 VARCHAR2(4 BYTE)         NOT NULL,&lt;br /&gt;
  3    First_Name         VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),&lt;br /&gt;
  4    Last_Name          VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),&lt;br /&gt;
  5    Start_Date         DATE,&lt;br /&gt;
  6    End_Date           DATE,&lt;br /&gt;
  7    Salary             Number(8,2),&lt;br /&gt;
  8    City               VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),&lt;br /&gt;
  9    Description        VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)&lt;br /&gt;
 10  )&lt;br /&gt;
 11  /&lt;br /&gt;
Table created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- prepare data&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2               values (&amp;quot;01&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Jason&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Martin&amp;quot;,  to_date(&amp;quot;19960725&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;20060725&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 1234.56, &amp;quot;Toronto&amp;quot;,  &amp;quot;Programmer&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;02&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Alison&amp;quot;,   &amp;quot;Mathews&amp;quot;, to_date(&amp;quot;19760321&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19860221&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 6661.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;03&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;James&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Smith&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19781212&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19900315&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 6544.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;04&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Celia&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Rice&amp;quot;,    to_date(&amp;quot;19821024&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19990421&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 2344.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Manager&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;05&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Robert&amp;quot;,   &amp;quot;Black&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19840115&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19980808&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 2334.78, &amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;06&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Linda&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Green&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19870730&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19960104&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 4322.78,&amp;quot;New York&amp;quot;,  &amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;07&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;David&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Larry&amp;quot;,   to_date(&amp;quot;19901231&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;19980212&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 7897.78,&amp;quot;New York&amp;quot;,  &amp;quot;Manager&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)&lt;br /&gt;
  2                values(&amp;quot;08&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;James&amp;quot;,    &amp;quot;Cat&amp;quot;,     to_date(&amp;quot;19960917&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), to_date(&amp;quot;20020415&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;YYYYMMDD&amp;quot;), 1232.78,&amp;quot;Vancouver&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Tester&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
  3  /&lt;br /&gt;
1 row created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- display data in the table&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; select * from Employee&lt;br /&gt;
  2  /&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ID   FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME  START_DAT END_DATE      SALARY CITY       DESCRIPTION&lt;br /&gt;
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------&lt;br /&gt;
01   Jason      Martin     25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06    1234.56 Toronto    Programmer&lt;br /&gt;
02   Alison     Mathews    21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86    6661.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
03   James      Smith      12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90    6544.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
04   Celia      Rice       24-OCT-82 21-APR-99    2344.78 Vancouver  Manager&lt;br /&gt;
05   Robert     Black      15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98    2334.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
06   Linda      Green      30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96    4322.78 New York   Tester&lt;br /&gt;
07   David      Larry      31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98    7897.78 New York   Manager&lt;br /&gt;
08   James      Cat        17-SEP-96 15-APR-02    1232.78 Vancouver  Tester&lt;br /&gt;
8 rows selected.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER employee_upd&lt;br /&gt;
  2    AFTER UPDATE OF id ON employee&lt;br /&gt;
  3    FOR EACH ROW&lt;br /&gt;
  4  BEGIN&lt;br /&gt;
  5     DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (&amp;quot;:OLD.id&amp;quot; || :OLD.id);&lt;br /&gt;
  6  END;&lt;br /&gt;
  7  /&lt;br /&gt;
Trigger created.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; update employee set id = &amp;quot;1&amp;quot;;&lt;br /&gt;
:OLD.id01&lt;br /&gt;
:OLD.id02&lt;br /&gt;
:OLD.id03&lt;br /&gt;
:OLD.id04&lt;br /&gt;
:OLD.id05&lt;br /&gt;
:OLD.id06&lt;br /&gt;
:OLD.id07&lt;br /&gt;
:OLD.id08&lt;br /&gt;
8 rows updated.&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; -- clean the table&lt;br /&gt;
SQL&amp;gt; drop table Employee&lt;br /&gt;
  2  /&lt;br /&gt;
Table dropped.&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Admin</name></author>	</entry>

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