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2010-05-26T10:04:59Z

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== Add CASCADE to the end of a DISABLE CONSTRAINT clause==

Add CASCADE to the end of a DISABLE CONSTRAINT clause to disable any integrity constraints that depend on the specified integrity constraint.
You must use CASCADE when you disable a primary key or unique constraint that is part of a foreign key constraint.



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table myTable(
2 id NUMBER(2),
3 value NUMBER(6,2)
4 )
5 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE myTable
2 ADD CONSTRAINT uq UNIQUE (id) DISABLE;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE myTable
2 DISABLE CONSTRAINT uq CASCADE;

SQL> drop table myTable
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL></source>

== Add constaint for a date type column: larger than a certain date==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL primary key,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /

ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE employee
2 ADD CONSTRAINT reasonable_stock_date CHECK(
3 start_date >= to_date("19000917","YYYYMMDD")
4 );
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.</source>

== Adding a Constraint==

Constraint
Constraint Type
Meaning
CHECK
C
Specifies a certain condition for a column, or group of columns.
NOT NULL
C
Not null column
PRIMARY KEY
P
primary key
FOREIGN KEY
R
foreign key
UNIQUE
U
unique
CHECK OPTION
V
Specifies that DML operations on a view must satisfy the subquery.
READ ONLY
O
Specifies that a view may only be read from.



<source lang="sql">
SQL> CREATE TABLE pet (
2 id NUMBER(38) CONSTRAINT pk_pet PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL
3 );
Table created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table pet;
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL></source>

== Adding a "NOT NULL" Constraint==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE),
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE employee
2 MODIFY id CONSTRAINT not_null NOT NULL;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL> insert into Employee(ID)
2 values(NULL)
3 /
values(NULL)
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("SYS"."EMPLOYEE"."ID")

SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL></source>

== Cascade constraints==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL> create table employee (
2 gender_id char(1),
3 gender_nm varchar2(6),
4 constraint gender_pk primary key ( gender_id ),
5 constraint gender_id_ck check ( gender_id in ( "M", "F" ) )
6 );
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into employee
2 values ( "F", "Female" );
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into employee
2 values ( "M", "Male" );
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> create table people (
2 first_name varchar2(20),
3 last_name varchar2(25),
4 gender char(1)
5 )
6 /
create table people (
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00955: name is already used by an existing object

SQL>
SQL> alter table people
2 add constraint people_gender_fk
3 foreign key ( gender )
4 references employee
5 /
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL> insert into people
2 values ( "S", "D", "M" );
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into people
2 values ( "C", "Beck", "M" );
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into people
2 values ( "N", "E", "F" );
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> drop table employee;
drop table employee
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02449: unique/primary keys in table referenced by foreign keys

SQL>
SQL> drop table employee cascade constraints;
Table dropped.
SQL></source>

== Deferred Constraints==

<OL><LI>A deferred constraint is one that is enforced when a transaction is committed.</LI><LI>A deferrable constraint is specified by using DEFERRABLE clause.</LI><LI>Once you"ve added a constraint, you cannot change it to DEFERRABLE. You must drop and recreate the constraint.</LI><LI>When you add a DEFERRABLE constraint, you can mark it as INITIALLY IMMEDIATE or INITIALLY DEFERRED.</LI><LI>INITIALLY IMMEDIATE means that the constraint is checked whenever you add, update, or delete rows from a table.</LI><LI>INITIALLY DEFERRED means that the constraint is only checked when a transaction is committed.</LI></OL>



<source lang="sql">
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table myTable(
2 id NUMBER(2),
3 value NUMBER(6,2)
4 )
5 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into myTable(ID, value)values (1,9)
2 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into myTable(ID, value)values (2,2.11)
2 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into myTable(ID, value)values (3,3.44)
2 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into myTable(ID, value)values (4,-4.21)
2 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into myTable(ID, value)values (5,10)
2 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into myTable(ID, value)values (6,3)
2 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into myTable(ID, value)values (7,-5.88)
2 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into myTable(ID, value)values (8,123.45)
2 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into myTable(ID, value)values (9,98.23)
2 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> select * from myTable
2 /
ID VALUE
---------- ----------
1 9
2 2.11
3 3.44
4 -4.21
5 10
6 3
7 -5.88
8 123.45
9 98.23
9 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE myTable
2 ADD CONSTRAINT uq UNIQUE (id)
3 DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table myTable
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL></source>

== Disabling a Constraint==

By default, a constraint is enabled when you create it.
You can disable a constraint when you create it by adding DISABLE to the end of the CONSTRAINT clause.



<source lang="sql">
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table myTable(
2 id NUMBER(2),
3 value NUMBER(6,2)
4 )
5 /
Table created.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE myTable
2 ADD CONSTRAINT uq UNIQUE (id) DISABLE;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE myTable
2 DISABLE CONSTRAINT uq;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL> drop table myTable
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL></source>

== Dropping a Constraint==

Using the DROP CONSTRAINT clause of ALTER TABLE



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table myTable(
2 id NUMBER(2),
3 value NUMBER(6,2)
4 )
5 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE myTable
2 ADD CONSTRAINT uq UNIQUE (id);
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL> drop table myTable
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL></source>

== Enabling a Constraint==

<OL><LI>You can enable an existing constraint using the ENABLE CONSTRAINT clause of ALTER TABLE.</LI><LI>To enable a constraint, all the rows in the table must satisfy the constraint.</LI></OL>



<source lang="sql">
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table myTable(
2 id NUMBER(2),
3 value NUMBER(6,2)
4 )
5 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE myTable
2 ADD CONSTRAINT uq UNIQUE (id) DISABLE;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE myTable
2 DISABLE CONSTRAINT uq;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE myTable
2 ENABLE CONSTRAINT uq;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table myTable
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL></source>

== How to drop a constaint==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL primary key,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /

ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE employee
2 ADD CONSTRAINT emp_unique UNIQUE (
3 first_name,
4 last_name,
5 start_date
6 );
Table altered.
SQL> ALTER TABLE employee
2 DROP CONSTRAINT emp_unique;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL></source>

== The database automatically assigns a name to the constraint==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE),
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE employee
2 MODIFY id NOT NULL;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL></source>

== Violate a constraint==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE),
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /

ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- -------------------- -------------------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager

ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- -------------------- -------------------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> alter table employee
2 add (
3 gender varchar(10)
4 );
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL> alter table employee
2 add constraint ck_gender
3 check (gender in ("MALE", "FEMALE"));
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> insert into employee (gender)
2 values ("UNKNOWN");
insert into employee (gender)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (sqle.CK_GENDER) violated

SQL>
SQL> select * from employee;

ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION GENDER
---- -------------------- -------------------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- --------------- ----------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager

ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION GENDER
---- -------------------- -------------------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- --------------- ----------
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.</source>

== You can also choose to apply a constraint to new data only by specifying ENABLE NOVALIDATE.==

The default is ENABLE VALIDATE.



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table myTable(
2 id NUMBER(2),
3 value NUMBER(6,2)
4 )
5 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE myTable
2 ADD CONSTRAINT uq UNIQUE (id) DISABLE;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> ALTER TABLE myTable
2 DISABLE CONSTRAINT uq;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL> Null? Type
SQL> ALTER TABLE myTable
2 ENABLE NOVALIDATE CONSTRAINT uq;
Table altered.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table myTable
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL></source>

Oracle PL/SQL Tutorial/Table/Constraint - История изменений

в 13:45, 26 мая 2010

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